Investigating the Nature of Rebellion and Combativeness; From Synonymy to Disparity in the Jurisprudential Thought of the Five Islamic Schools of Thought

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant professor, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

2 Assistant professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Law, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran

3 Assistant professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Law, Bozorgmehr University, Qaen, Iran

10.22034/jid.2022.251531.2094

Abstract

A precise demarcation of crimes deserving punishment is imperative according to Islamic law, essential for the regulation of criminal justice within Islamic society. The delineation between the offenses of "baghy" (insurgence) and "muḥāraba" (waging war) within Islamic jurisprudence, along with the diverse perspectives of jurists on this matter, presents challenges and complexities. To elucidate each crime's nuances and respective legal consequences, a thorough analysis is required. This article employs a descriptive-analytic approach, drawing upon religious texts, evidential examination, and argumentative analysis to distinguish "baghy" and "muḥāraba" from both Shiite and Sunni perspectives. By outlining their similarities and disparities as articulated by Imami and Sunni jurists and Quranic scholars, we assert that "baghy" and "muḥāraba" represent distinct transgressions, notwithstanding their resemblances. "Baghy" entails inciting rebellion against a just Imam or leader, endangering the safety and security of the populace, whereas "muḥāraba" involves intimidating fellow Muslims, pillaging their possessions, and shedding their blood to instill fear and insecurity. Consequently, they carry distinct legal rulings and implications within Islamic jurisprudence.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Abū al-Ṣalāḥ al-Ḥalabī, Taqī b. Najm. 1403 AH. Al-Kāfī fī al-fiqh. Isfahan: Maktabat al-Imam ʿAli.
Alipour, Hassan. 1389 Sh. “Māhiyyat-i jurm.” Pazhūhish-i ḥuqūq va siyāsat 12, no. 28: 177-212.
Al-Khen, Mustafa, Mustafa Al Bagha, and Ali al-Sharbaji. 1413 AH. Al-Fiqh al-manhajī ʿalā madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawzīʿ.
ʿAllama al-Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. 1413a AH. Qawāʿid al-aḥkām fī maʿrifat al-ḥalāl wa-l-ḥarām. Qom: Islamic Publishing Office.
ʿAllama al-Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. 1413b AH. Kashf al-murād fī sharḥ tajrīd al-iʿtiqād. Qom: Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom.
ʿAllama al-Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. 1420 AH. Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-Imāmiyya. Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute.
ʿArūsī al-Ḥuwayzī, ʿAbd ʿAlī b. Jumʿa al-. 1415 AH. Tafsīr nūr al-thaqalayn. Qom: Esmailian.
Baghawī, al-Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-. 1418 AH. Al-Tahdhīb fī fiqh al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Baghawī, al-Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-. 1420 AH. Maʿālim al-tanzīl. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Baḥrānī, Hāshim b. Sulaymān. 1415 AH. Al-Burhān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom: al-Biʿtha Institute.
Damīrī, Bahrām b. ʿAbd Allāh. 1429 AH. Al-Shāmil fī fiqh al-Imām Mālik. Cairo: Najeebawaih Manuscript Center.
Dasūqī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. n.d. Ḥāshiyat al-Dasūqī ʿalā al-sharḥ al-kabīr. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Faal, Tayyebeh and Mohammad Hadi Sadeghi. 1397 Sh. “Māhiyyat-i jurm.” Dānish va pazhūhish-i ḥuqūqī 4, no. 1 (September): 55-76.
Fāḍil al-Ābī, al-Ḥasan b. Abī Ṭālib al-. 1417 AH. Kashf al-rumūz fī sharḥ al-mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ. Qom: Islamic Publishing Office.
Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf. 1387 AH. Īḍāḥ al-fawāʾid fī sharḥ mushkilāt al-qawāʿid. Qom: Esmailian.
Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar. 1420 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-kabīr. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth.
Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad b. Shāh Murtaḍā al-. 1415 AH. Tafsīr al-ṣāfī. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadr.
Fazel Lankarani, Muhammad. 1422 AH. Tafṣīl al-sharīʿa fī sharḥ taḥrīr al-wasīla. Qom: Pure Imams Jurisprudential Center.
Ghomashi, Saeed. 1394 Sh. “Az jurm-shināsī-yi ʿillat-shinākhtī tā jurm-shināsī-yi shinākhtī.” Taḥqīqāt-i ḥuqūqī 18, no. 70 (August): 247-71.
Ḥaqqī al-Bursiwī, Ismāʿīl b. Muṣṭafā al-. n.d. Tafsīr rūḥ al-bayān. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Ḥasan Khān Qanūjī, Muḥammad Ṣadīq. 1424 AH. Nayl al-marām min tafsīr āyāt al-aḥkām. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, Manshūrāt Muḥammad ʿAlī Bayḍūn.
Hashemi Shahroudi, Mahmoud. 1378 Sh. Bāyishtih-hāyi fiqh-i jazā. Tehran: Mizan.
Ḥijāzī, Muḥammad Maḥmūd al-. 1413 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-wāḍiḥ. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl.
Ḥillī, Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd al-. 1405 AH. Al-Jāmiʿ li-l-sharāʾiʿ. Qom: Sayyid al-Shuhada Institute.
Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. 1409 AH. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa. Qom: Al al-Bayt Institute.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Birr al-Andulusī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. 1400 AH. Al-Kāfī fī fiqh ahl al-Madīna. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Riyadh al-Ḥadītha.
Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn b. ʿUmar. 1412 AH. Radd al-muḥtār ʿalā al-durr al-mukhtār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Ibn al-ʿArabī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. 1408 AH. Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl.
Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. 1422 AH. Zād al-masīr fī ʿilm al-tafsīr. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī.
Ibn al-Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. 1414 AH. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Ibn Anas, Mālik. 1415 AH. Al-Mudawwana. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Ibn Fahd al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. 1407 AH. Al-Muhadhdhab al-bāriʿ fī sharḥ al-mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ. Qom: Islamic Publishing Office.
Ibn Humām, Kamāl al-Dīn. n.d. Fatḥ al-qadīr. Beirut: Dār al-Kufr.
Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad b. al-Manṣūr. 1420 AH. Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī. Qom: Islamic Publishing Office.
Ibn Kathir, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. 1419 AH. Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Ibn Manjā al-Tanūkhī, Zayn al-Dīn al-Munjī b. ʿUthmān. 1424 AH. Al-Mumtiʿ fī sharḥ al-muqniʿ. Mecca: Maktabat al-Asadi.
Ibn Najjār al-Futūḥī, Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. 1419 AH. Muntahā al-irādāt. Beirut: al-Risala Institute.
Ibn Qudāma, ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad. 1388 AH. Al-Mughnī li-Ibn Qudāma. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhira.
Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm. 1408 AH. Al-Fatāwā al-kubrā li-Ibn Taymiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Ibn Yūsuf al-Fīrūzābādī, Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī. 1417 AH. Al-Muhadhdab fī fiqh al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam.
ʿIlish, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. 1409 AH. Manḥ al-jalīl sharḥ mukhtaṣar khalīl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Jaṣṣāṣ, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. 1405 AH. Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Jazāyirī, Abū Bakr Jābir al-. 1416 AH. Aysar al-tafāsīr li-kalām al-ʿalī al-kabīr. Media: Maktabat al-ʿUlūm wa-l-Ḥikam.
Kāsānī, Abū Bakr b. Masʿūd al-. 1406 AH. Badāʾiʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ fī tartīb al-sharāʾiʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Kāẓimī al-Asadī, Fāẓil Jawād b. Saʿd al-. 1365 Sh. Masālik al-afhām ilā āyāt al-aḥkām. Tehran: Mortazavi.
Khaṭīb, ʿAbd al-Karīm al-. 1422 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-Qurʾānī li-l-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī.
Khiraqī, ʿUmar b. al-Ḥusayn al-. 1413 AH. Mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī. Tanta, Egypt: Dār al-Ṣaḥāba li-l-Turāth.
Khoei, Abu al-Qasim. 1422 AH. Mabānī takmilat al-minhāj. Qom: Institute for Reviving the Works of Imam Khoei.
Khomeini, Sayyid Ruhollah. n.d. Taḥrīr al-wasīla. Qom: Dār al-ʿIlm Press Institute.
Kiyāharāsī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-. 1422 AH. Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, Manshūrāt Muḥammad ʿAlī Bayḍūn.
Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. 1429 AH. Al-Kāfī. Qom: Dār al-Ḥadīth.
Makarem Shirazi, Naser. 1421 AH. Al-Amthal fī tafsīr kitāb Allāh al-munzal. Translated by Mohammad Ali Azarshab. Qom: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib School.
Marāghī, Aḥmad Muṣṭafā al-. n.d. Tafsīr al-marāghī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Mardāwī, ʿAlī b. Sulaymān al-. n.d. Al-Inṣāf fī maʿrifat al-rājiḥ min al-khilāf. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-. 1419 AH. Al-Ḥāwī al-kabīr fī fiqh madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
Māwardī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-. 1430 AH. Al-Iqnāʿ fī al-fiqh al-Shāfiʿī. Tehran: Ehsan Publications.
Moghimi Haji, Abolghasem. 1386 Sh. “Falsafih-yi mujāzāt dar Islām.” Fiqh Ahl Bayt, no. 51: 106-47.
Mohammadi Gilani, Mohammad. 1379 Sh. Ḥuqūq-i kayfarī dar Islām. Tehran: Sayeh Publications.
Montazeri, Hossein-Ali. n.d. Kitāb al-ḥudūd. Qom: Dār al-Fikr.
Mousavi Ardabili, Abdolkarim. 1427 AH. Fiqh al-ḥudūd wa-l-taʿzīrāt. Qom: Mofid University Press.
Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. 1417 AH. Al-Muqniʿa. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Mughniya, Muḥammad Jawād. 1424 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-kāshif. Qom: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya.
Mughniya, Muḥammad Jawād. 1425 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-mubīn. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī.
Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. 1408 AH. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī masāʾil al-ḥalāl wa-l-ḥarām. Qom: Esmailian.
Muqaddas al-Ardabīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. 1387 Sh. Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa-l-burhān. Qom: Fiqh al-Thaqalayn Institute.
Muqaddas al-Ardabīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. n.d. Zubdat al-bayān fī aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Jaʿfariyya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āthār al-Jaʿfariyya.
Najafī Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Jaʿfar b. Khiḍr al-. 1422 AH. Kashf al-ghiṭāʾ ʿan mubhamāt al-sharīʿat al-gharrāʾ. Qom: Islamic Propagation Office.
Najafī Ṣāḥib Jawāhir, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. 1404 AH. Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islam. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Nawawī, Yaḥyā b. Sharaf al-. n.d. Al-Majmūʿ sharḥ al-muhadhdhab. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Naẓẓām al-Aʿraj, al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad. 1416 AH. Tafsīr gharāʾib al-Qurʾān wa-raghāʾib al-furqān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, Manshūrāt Muḥammad ʿAlī Bayḍūn.
Panipati, Sanaullah. 1412 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-maẓharī. Quetta: Maktaba Rashidiyya.
Qummī al-Mashhadī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Riḍā al-. 1368 Sh. Tafsīr kanz al-daqāʾiq wa-baḥr al-gharāʾib. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.
Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. 1363 Sh. Tafsīr al-Qummī. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb.
Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad Shams al-Dīn al-. 1384 AH. Al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyya.
Qushayrī, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Hawāzin al-. 2000. Laṭāʾif al-ishārāt. Cairo: al-Hayʾat al-Miṣriyya al-ʿĀmma li-l-Kitāb.
Qutb, Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn. 1425 AH. Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq.
Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. 1412 AH. Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān. Lebanon: Dār al-ʿIlm and al-Dār al-Shāmiyya.
Rahiminejad, Esmail and Mohaddeseh Safarkhani. 1393 Sh. “Barrasī-yi jurm-i baghy dar fiqh-i Imāmiyya va ḥuqūq-i Iran.” Ḥuqūq-i Islāmī 11, no. 40 (spring): 105-33.
Rahmatollahi, Hossein, Najaf Lakzaee, Mohammad Javad Arasta, and Hadi Hajizadeh. 1394 Sh. “Amniyyat-i siyāsī-yi afrād va marjaʿ-i ān dar fiqh-i Imāmiyya.” Ḥuqūq-i Islāmī 12, no. 44 (April): 113-52.
Ramadan al-Bouti, Muhammad Said. 1430 AH. Al-Jihād fī al-Islām. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.
Rohani, Sayyid Muhammad-Sadiq. 1412 AH. Fiqh al-Ṣādiq ʿalayh al-salām. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb.
Ruḥaybānī, Muṣṭafā al-. 1415 AH. Maṭālib ulī al-nuhā fī sharḥ ghāyat al-muntahā. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī.
Saʿdī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-. 1408 AH. Taysīr al-karīm al-raḥmān fī tafsīr kalām al-mannān. Beirut: Maktabat al-Nahḍat al-ʿArabiyya.
Samarqandī, Naṣr b. Muḥammad al-. 1416 AH. Baḥr al-ʿulūm. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Sarakhsī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. 1421 AH. Al-Mabsūṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
Ṣaymarī, Mufliḥ b. al-Ḥasan al-. 1420 AH. Ghāyat al-marām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī.
Sayyid al-Murtaḍā, ʿAlam al-Hudā al-. 1431 AH. Al-Dhakhīra fī ʿilm al-kalām. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
Shaḥīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī al-. 1410 AH. Al-Lumʿat al-Dimashqiyya fī fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth.
Shaḥīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī al-. 1417 AH. Al-Durūs al-sharʿiyya fī fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Qom: Islamic Publishing Office.
Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. 1410 AH. Al-Rawḍat al-bahiyya fī sharḥ al-lumʿat al-Dimashqiyya. Qom: Davari Bookstore.
Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī al-. 1413 AH. Masālik al-afhām ilā tanqīḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmiyya.
Suyūrī al-Ḥillī, al-Fāḍil al-Miqdād b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. 1373 Sh. Kanz al-ʿirfān fī fiqh al-Qurʾān. Tehran: Mortazavi.
Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. 1404 AH. Al-Durr al-manthūr fī al-tafsīr bi-l-maʾthūr. Qom: Ayatollah Mar'ashi Library.
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. al-Jarīr al-. 1412 AH. Jāmiʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa.
Tabatabaʾi, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn. 1374 Sh. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Translated by Mohammad Bagher Mousavi. Qom: Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom.
Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. 1372 Sh. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran: Nasser Khosrow.
Tabrizi, Mirza Javad. 1417 AH. Usus al-ḥudūd wa-l-taʿzīrāt. Qom: The Office of Ayatollah Tabrizi.
Thaʿālibī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-. 1418 AH. Jawāhir al-ḥisān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. 1422 AH. Al-Kashf wa-l-bayān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. 1387 AH. Al-Mabsūṭ fī fiqh al-Imāmiyya. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawiyya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āthār al-Jaʿfariyya.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. 1407 AH. Al-Khilāf. Qom: Islamic Publishing Office.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. n.d. Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.
Yazdian Jafari, Jafar. 1387 Sh. “Aṣl-i tanāsub-i jurm va mujāzāt: chirāyī va chigūnigī-yi ān.” Nāmih-yi Mufīd 14, no. 67 (July): 139-56.
Zanjani, Amid. 1421 AH. Fiqh-i siyāsī. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Zarkashī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. 1413 AH. Sharḥ al-Zarkashī ʿalā mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī. Riyadh: Obeikan Publishing.
Zuḥaylī, Wahba b. Muṣṭafā. 1422 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-wasīṭ. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.
Zuḥaylī, Wahba. 1409 AH. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa-adillatuh. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.
Zuḥaylī, Wahba. 1411 AH. Al-Tafsīr al-munīr fī al-ʿaqīda wa-l-sharīʿa wa-l-manhaj. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.