Journal Of Islamic Denominations

Journal Of Islamic Denominations

A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Jihad from the Perspective of Jihadi-Takfiri Groups

Document Type : Research Paper

Author
Ph.D. Candidate in Comparative Exegesis, Siddiqa al-Kubra Higher Education Institute, Qom, Iran
10.22034/jid.2025.498632.2544
Abstract
Interpreters and theologians, based on their intellectual orientations, have presented various perspectives on verses related to jihad, some of which have leaned towards extremism or neglect. In recent years, incorrect understandings of jihad by takfiri groups have led to the spread of violence, the destruction of the image of Islam, and the exploitation of Islam’s enemies. On the other hand, the efforts of global arrogance to dominate the natural resources of Muslims and create division have highlighted the necessity of introducing the authentic Islam based on the Qur'an and the traditions of the Infallible Imams (AS). Despite numerous works on jihad, a precise and comprehensive examination of this topic has been less frequently undertaken. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing library resources, seeks to analyze the context and occasion of revelation of jihad verses, critique the incorrect interpretations of takfiri groups, and elucidate the truth of jihad. The research aims to counter extremist interpretations and strengthen a correct understanding of this Qur'anic concept. Takfiris excommunicate Muslims on flimsy pretexts and believe that Islamic lands have been occupied by Muslim-appearing polytheists (mushrikūn). Therefore, they consider armed uprising to be a duty for themselves and others. They have limited jihad solely to fighting and slaughter, considering it a personally and individually obligatory duty for all Muslims. These extremist views are not only a blatant deviation from the principles of Islamic jihad but also contradict the goals of jihad, which are the elevation of Islam and the defense of Muslim lands. The actions of takfiri groups, which have led to the killing of Muslims and the destruction of Islam, are a sedition that is in conflict with the true spirit of jihad and Islam.



Keywords
Subjects

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