نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
The debate between determinism (Jabr) and free will (Ikhtiyār) stands as one of the most significant theological issues in the early Islamic centuries. To negate both absolute determinism and the total delegation of authority (Tafwīḍ) over human voluntary acts, while simultaneously emphasizing the scope and continuity of Divine Will in the universe, the Ashʿarī and Māturīdī schools developed the theory of Kasb (Acquisition). This study aims to report on and examine the evolution of theological views held by Ashʿarī and Māturīdī scholars regarding this theory. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research reveals that despite the initial assumption of a complete conceptual alignment regarding Kasb among the studied scholars, there exist significant differences in their objectives for proposing this theory, which have evolved over time. Compared to the Ashʿarīs, Māturīdī scholars offer a more semantic interpretation of Kasb, attributing greater free will and responsibility to humans; in this regard, their stance shows closer proximity to Imami theology. Furthermore, while disagreements exist among Ashʿarī scholars themselves, they exhibit notable fluctuations (qabḍ wa basṭ) in their beliefs concerning the extent of human agency in their own actions. For instance, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari did not consider the acquiring agent (al-kāsib) capable of creating their own act, nor did he deem them effective in altering its attributes. However, the subsequent theologian, al-Bāqillānī, distinguished between the creation of the act and its description (ʿunwān), attributing the creation of the act to God while assigning its description to human choice and will. Moreover, the interpretations of Kasb by later Ashʿarī scholars bear no resemblance to Abu al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī 's original formulation; instead, akin to Māturīdī thinkers, they demonstrate a significant inclination toward the theory of "a matter between two matters" (amrun bayn al-amrayn).
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